红旗泡水生植物群落结构与功能的研究

红旗泡是松嫩平原上的水草型湖泊,１９７２年由引嫩干渠补入嫩江水,使其成为大庆市主要水源地和渔业基地。该湖水生植被分布面积大,覆盖近１／２的水面。本文分析了芦苇,狭叶香蒲和稗等单优群落的结构与分布,并统计了混合群落的数量特征。随着油田开发,大庆地区的水体均受到不同程度的污染;因红旗泡水生植物资源丰富且其具清除油污、吸附重金属和沉降悬浮物等净化功能,故使其成为大庆地区水质最好和鱼产量最高的湖泊。     

热带胶茶人工群落中土壤动物季节变化的研究

热带胶茶人工群落中土壤动物季节变化的研究邓晓保（中国科学院昆明生态研究所,６５０２２３）ＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｏｉｌＡｎｉｍａｌｓｉｎＭａｎ－ＭａｄｅＲｕｂｂｅｒ－ＴｅａＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｉｎＴｒｏｐｉｃｓ．￥ＤｅｎｇＸｉ－ａｏｂａ...     

Habitat shift in roach (Rutilus rutilus) induced by pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) introduction: predation risk versus pelagic behaviour

Changes in the fish community structure and habitat use were followed after the introduction of pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) to the roach-dominated Lake Gjersjøen. Quantitative echosounding showed that the density of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) was dramatically reduced in pelagic areas, from 12 000–15 000 fish/ha to 250 fish/ha, while total fish density remained unchanged in littoral areas. At the same time, the habitat segregation between different size groups of roach was altered as larger roach utilized the pelagic zone after pikeperch introduction. The loss of the pelagic refuge for juvenile roach increased the availability of juvenile roach to littoral predators, notably perch. In littoral areas, the fish community changed from one dominated by roach (> 95%) to one dominated by perch (> 50%).     

Phytophagous insect-woody sprout interactions in tropical eucalypt forest. II. Insect community structure

Abstract Sucking insects constituted 79% of all phytophagous insects collected from woody sprouts in the ground layer of a tropical eucalypt forest. Mobile insect groups such as non-psyllid Hemiptera and Orthoptera were relatively frequent in this environment compared to temperate, Eucalyptus-dominated vegetation. The high fire frequency of the tropical eucalypt forest may favour mobile insect groups. The capture of sucking insects and caterpillars peaked in dry season samples. Other patterns of abundance of phytophagous insect groups showed little consistency in their seasonal trends between host species or between vegetation types within host species. Disparities between chewing insect abundance in daytime samples and the damage chewing insects cause, may result from disproportionate consumption by large, mainly nocturnal insects, such as members of the Orthoptera. In this study, 21% of insect species were specialists on single plant species. This study suggested that insect abundance reflected the growth patterns of woody sprouts after regular burning, rather than that plant growth and development were tuned to the pressures of insect herbivory.     

川西北甘南云冷杉林的数量分类

 本文应用DCA二维散点非等级制分类和TWINSPAN等级制分类的方法进行了四川西北部和甘肃南部云冷杉林的数量分类,共划分出15个群丛,分属于云杉、冷杉、高山栎和桦木四个群系,并分别讨论了各群丛的特征。用DCA二维散点的非等级制分类与TWINSPAN的等级制分类的方法对于云冷杉植物群落都产生了较好且一致的分类效果。通过TWINSPAN分类的研究,发现了对生境有指示意义的特征种和指示种,主要的植物种类有：圆叶菝契、网状小壁等(冷湿,指示藓类冷杉林和杜鹃冷杉林);小花拂子茅、箭炉樱等(冷旱,指示草类云杉林和箭竹云冷杉林);槭树、铁杉、沛阳花等(暖湿,指示落阔冷杉林和灌木云杉林等);罗氏异燕麦、华西矮卫茅、糙野青茅和狭叶柳兰等(暖旱,指示灌木云杉林和云冷杉疏林)。     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的蒸腾作用及其群落的水分状况

 本文对比研究了处于不同生境的油蒿群落中油蒿的水分生理生态特性。结果表明：(1)半固定沙丘的油蒿比固定沙丘油蒿长势好,前者的生物量约为后者的4—5倍;(2)半固定沙丘土壤导水率是固定沙丘的10倍左右;(3)叶温与气温之差和水势能较好地反映油蒿的生长状况,而蒸腾速率与扩散阻力反映不十分敏感。     

Long-term changes in the rotifer fauna after biomanipulation in Haussee (Feldberg,Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) and its relationship to the crustacean and phytoplankton communities

In Feldberg Haussee, an anthropogenic eutrophicated lake, biomanipulation was executed for restoration. To increase the biomass of crustaceans, fish grazing on zooplankton was reduced by catching small fishes and introducing pike-perch. After biomanipulation rotifer biomass from a wide range of species decreased to a small spring maximum with three dominant species. The development of food in spring and food competition between crustaceans probably controlled the rotifer development.     

Patterns in the composition and richness of helminth communities in brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a group of reservoirs

Helminth community composition and richness were studied in brown trout, Salmo trutta , in 10 reservoirs of broadly similar age and characteristics situated close to each other in a well-defined region of south-west England. Communities were compared using cluster and ordination analyses, and possible correlations between helminth richness and a number of environmental variables were investigated. The hypothesis that the helminth communities should show high degrees of similarity and that large differences between reservoirs and a high degree of clustering would be unrecognizable was refuted. Levels of community similarity were low and comparable to those determined for helminths in salmonids in natural lakes. Trout in some reservoirs exhibited very distinctive helminth faunas and clustering of reservoirs was apparent. No single factor, including reservoir size and presence of piscivorous birds, had a predominant influence on community richness or composition but rather a multiplicity of local factors was believed to influence these parameters. The results indicate that local factors promoting distinctiveness have a greater influence on the composition and richness of fish helminth communities in lakes and reservoirs than do regional factors promoting similarity.     

Characterization of the length polymorphism in the A+T-rich region of the Drosophila obscura group species

Summary In the twelve Drosophila obscura group species studied, belonging to the affinis, obscura, and pseudoobscura subgroups, the mitochondrial DNA length ranges from 15.8 to 17.2 kb. This length polymorphism is mainly due to insertions/deletions in the variable region of the A+T-rich region. In addition, one species (D. tristis) possess a tandem duplication of a 470-bp fragment that contains the replication origin.The same duplication has occurred at least twice in the Drosophila evolutionary history due to the fact that the repetition is analogous to repetitions found in the four species of the D. melanogaster complex.By comparing the nucleotide sequence of the conserved region in D. ambigua, D. obscura, D. yakuba, D. teissieri, and D. virilis, we show the presence of a secondary structure, likely implied in the replication origin, which could favor the generation of this kind of duplications.Finally, we propose that the high A and T content in the variable region of the A + T-rich region favors the formation of less-stable secondary structures, which could explain the generation of minor insertion/deletions found in this region.Offprint requests to: A. Latorre     

MORPHOLOGY OF DNA CONTAINING STRUCTURES (NUCLEOIDS) AS A PROSPECTIVE CHARACTER IN CYANOPHYTE TAXONOMY1

DNA containing structures (nucleoids) were visualized by 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent staining in two groups of cyanophytes (59 filamentous oscillatorialean species and 12 coccal Synechococcus-like organisms) to test the possibility of using nucleoid morphology in cyanophyte taxonomy. The morphology of nucleoids (size, shape, and structure) in oscillatorialean species is specific for individual families. The morphology of the nucleoid in Synechococcus-like species agrees from the proposed separation of the genus Cyanothece from Synechococcus. A much different nucleoid morphology in three species of Cyanothece suggests that these species should be separated into a new genus. On the basis of other characters, the species could be returned to the genus Cyanobacterium. My results indicate that the morphology of nucleoids is a valuable character in the classification of the cyanophytes examined; thus, it is a prospective feature that could be used in the taxonomy of other groups of cyanophytes. Additionally, DAPI staining is not a complicated procedure. The new character is easy to see in samples taken from nature, both living and preserved.